Introduction: Copy number variation (CNV) consist of deletion, insertion, and duplications. It is an important source of genetic variation in organisms and thus influences on the gene expression and phenotypic variation. Copy number variation (CNV) is one of the structural variant with an intermediate size class larger than 50bp which involves unbalanced rearrangements that increase or decrease the amount of DNA (Pirooznia et al 2015, Alkan et al 2011). The size of CNVs is larger than 50bp, while smaller segments are known as insertions or deletions (indels). Thereupon these structural variations comprise more polymorphic than SNPs because of enormity, detection of them and their effect on phenotype has caught the attention of many researchers recently. It has been reported that CNVs changes in gene dosage and regulation as well as in transcript structure, and thus contribute to phenotypic variability (Pirooznia et al 2015, Alkan et al 2011). The pea-comb phenotype is caused by a CNV mapping to intron 1 of the SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 5 (SOX5) gene (Wright et al. 2009). Late feathering in chickens is due to incomplete duplication in PRLR and SPEF2 genes (Elfrink et al. 2008). In swine, dominant white colour has been related with a duplication of a 450-kb fragment of the KIT gene (Giuffra et al. 1999) and a splice mutation causing the skipping of exon 17 (Giuffra et al. 1999). In sheep, doubling in the ASIP gene results in the regulation of pigment in body coat (Norris et al. 2008). Doubling the 4.6 k base pair into the six introns of the STX17 gene results in a gray body color in the horse with age. Deletion of the intergenic region with a length of 11.7 kbp in the goat genome leads to the removal of horns (Clop et al. 2012). Chicken is the most intensively farmed animal on earth and is a major food source with billions of birds used in meat and egg production each year. A big share of chicken CNVs involves protein coding or regulatory sequences. A comprehensive study of chicken CNV can provide valuable information on genetic diversity and assist future analyses of associations between CNV and economically important traits in chickens. Unique chicken genome with macro and micro chromosomes and its biology make it an ideal organism for studies in development and evolution, as well as applications in agriculture and medicine (Burt 2005). In the last several years, There has been an increasing interest in the study of CNVs in the chicken. This study focuses on comparison of CNV between the broilers and layers chicken to find evidence of domestication on the genome using whole genome sequencing.Material and methods: we used n=90 female birds of two commercial broiler (n=40) and layer (n=50) chicken. The broilers (BRs) were represented by 20 DNA samples of each of two lines (BRA and BRB) established independently and previously collected as part of the AVIANDIV project. In the layer group (LRs), data from 25 birds each from purebred white (WL) and brown (BL) egg laying populations, sequenced in the frame of the SYNBREED project (http://www.synbreed.tum.de/index.php?id=2 ,(were included. The paired-end reads with a read length of 101bp were mapped against the current reference genome assembly Galgal6 using the Burrows-Wheeler aligner (bwa, 0.6.2-r126 Version, with default parameters. Duplicate reads were masked during post-processing using the Picard tool set (version 2.9.2, http://picard.sourceforge.net). Finally, Genome Analysis Toolkit-3.3.0 was used to realign reads for correcting errors caused by InDels. Using GATK software package and Depth Of Coverage function (McKenna et al 2010), the depth of readings was calculated for each sample. Then filter out reads with mapping quality below 20. Because comparing the genomes of individuals in different groups was time consuming and computationally difficult for all parts of the genome, the genomes of each individual were divided into 1000 bp non-overlapping windows and the average reading depth per window was calculated. Then the results were normalized against the BL sample that showed highest average depth. In short, we created a correction factor per population and applied it on the depth of coverage value for each window. For all the contrasts, we performed an analysis of variance (ANOVA) as described (Carneiro et al 2014). For the Broilers-Layers contrast we scanned 935247 windows. 70372 windows showed significant by FDR with P < 0.001, with ANOVA using the Benjamini-Hochberg FDR method for multiple corrections (Benjamini and Hochberg 1995).Results and discussion: Mapping sequencing data to galGal6 assembly showed an average 98.61% mapping rate and 11.51 depth. Manhattan plot was plotted for regions of the genome that differed significantly between the two groups (FDR = 0.001). The points above the hypothetical line were identified and examined in a 25 Kbp confidence interval to identify possible genes. 39 regions were identified that half of them dose not contain any genes. Although Long noncoding RNAs are under lower selective pressure than protein-coding genes (Batista and Chang 2013), The other 11 regions contained 16 genes related to long non-coding RNAs. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a critical role in organizing the 3-dimensional genome architecture and regulating gene activity in cis or in trans through multiple mechanisms (Zhang et al 2019, Batista and Chang 2013). 6 othere regions also contained 12 coding genes. Most of the identified genes were somehow linked to the immune system disease or cancer. Genes such as DEDs and TNFAIP8 are involved in programmed cell death (apoptosis) and two genes NPAL3 and RCAN, which are involved in the immune system, had a copy number variation in the studied samples. In addition RCAN is involved in Down syndrome. The PFDN gene, located on chromosome 25, is also involved in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.

Power system deregulation and shortage of transmission capacities have led to increase interest in distribution generation (DG) sources. Several types of DGs are connected together and form a small power system called Micro-Grid (MG). MG usually operates in normal connecting mode and is connected to the primary distribution network. When fault occurs in the primary distribution network, MG will transfer to islanding mode. This paper developed a complete model which can simulate the dynamic performance of the MG during and subsequent to islanding process. The developed model contains one Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC), one single shaft micro turbine (SSMT), one flywheel, two photovoltaic panels and one wind generation system. All those micro sources coupled to the MG through inverter except the wind generation system. The developed model is used to investigate the effect of wind speed fluctuation, solar irradiance variation and failure of any micro source on the dynamic performance of the MG. This case is compared with the original case which the wind speed and irradiance are assumed constant and all micro sources have no problems during the simulation interval. Results indicated that due to wind speed fluctuations and solar irradiance variations, there is a fluctuation on the MG frequency. Small voltage flicker is observed due to the change of the reactive power absorbed by the induction generator connected to the wind turbine. The third studied case, also, shows the effect of wind speed fluctuations and irradiance variation on the dynamic performance of the MG when the MG is equipped with two storage batteries. Third case results indicated that using of storage batteries inside the MG can solve most of the problem which may be occur subsequent to islanding occurrence and enhance the overall performance of the MG. The developed model was built in Matlab, Simulink, environment.

Speeding is one of the most leading causes of almost any road traffic crash; that can increase either crash frequency or intensity. As a well-known intelligent transportation system (ITS), automated section control average speed cameras can enhance the traffic safety through spot control and section control. Previous studies looked at how much crashes might be related to speed, but they didn't look into how cameras could change crash patterns. In this regard, the present paper aims to investigate section control speed cameras' safety effects on Qazvin-Karaj freeway crash variables., eight years of police-reported crash data (2011–2018) were analyzed using the Chi-square (χ2) test of independence. The results indicated that regardless of crash variable type, there is a statistically significant relationship between the crash frequency variations and speed camera installation. However, Cramér's V measure degree of association showed an ignorable correlation between section control speed camera installation and crash intensity and crash time variations. However, this index depicted more significant but still marginal impacts of their installation on crash category and crash type, with Cramér's V values of 0.208 and 0.188, respectively. Applied research has cleared the effects of speed cameras on crash-related variables that can assist stakeholders in the decision-making process that help them toward prioritizing budget assignment to make road safer in view of speed management.

The main aim of this paper is to study the material removal phenomenon using the finite element method (FEM) analysis for orthogonal cutting, and the impact of cutting speed variation on the chip formation, stress and plastic deformation. We have explored different constitutive models describing the toolworkpiece interaction. The Johnson-Cook constitutive model with damage initiation and damage evolution has been used to simulate chip formation. Chip morphology, Stress and equivalent plastic deformation has been presented in this paper as results of chip formation process simulation using Abaqus explicit Software. According to simulation results, the variation of cutting speeds is an influential factor in chip formation, therefore with the increasing of cutting speed the chip type tends to become more segmented. Additionally to the chip formation and morphology obtained from the finite element simulation results, some other mechanical parameters; which are very difficult to measure on the experimental test, can be obtained through finite element modeling of chip formation process.

In this study, the seasonal variations of the sound speed in the water column and consequently the temperature and salinity in Babolsar area were investigated based on the field measurements. Data used in this study were carried out in two hot (summer) and cold (winter) seasons of 2019, from inshore to far offshore. The mixed layer depth was calculated using the seasonal combination threshold value of 1.25 (C°) for summer data and 0.1 (C°) for winter data. The results show that in the summer, due to the hot weather and increased stratification, the mixed layer depth is shallower than what is observed in winter. In winter, vertical convection increased due to the decrease in air temperature which leads to the deep mixed layer depth and in most of the stations whole water column is completely mixed. Consequently, whole column water surrounded with the sonic layer channel during the winter while in summer any sonic channel was observed. The surface temperature in summer is significantly higher than winter. Also, the thermocline slope is very strong in summer and very weak in winter.

Effect of saline and fresh water interference on sound speed variation in the basin of Anzali port has been evaluated. The research is based on the analysis of measured data of various physical parameters of sea water in the vicinity of Anzali port. Also, the effects of saline water of the Caspian Sea and fresh water imported from wetland on the changes in the sound speed in the access channel of Anzali port have been discussed. The data collecting operation was performed by a CTD profiler of the physical parameters of the seawater in fixed stations with a maximum depth of 18 meters in both warm and cold seasons. Results showed that sound speed changed between 1514 and 1511 m/s in the summer. While range of variation in the cold season, was between 1438 (at the surface) and 1454 m/s at 10 m depth. Variation of the sound speed during warm season was affected by water temperature. During cold season, variations of sound speed were under effect of water salinity and, sea saline and wetland fresh water interference. In comparison the results with previous measurements, it is observed that saline and freshwater interference on physical structure of water column and sound speed is considerable in cold season.

In this work, cold bulge forming of an Aluminium-Magnesium (Al-Mg) sheet with a solid bulging medium is experimentally and numerically performed. Mechanical properties and thickness variations of Al-Mg sheet are evaluated before and after the forming process. The results indicated that the Al-Mg sheet has taken the desired shape without necking using the cold bulge forming process. Also, the experimental results showed significant improvements of 13 and 9. 7% in yield and ultimate tensile strengths of Al-Mg sheet after bulge forming. It is proved that the maximum thickness reduction of Al-Mg blank is less than 6% after cold bulge forming. Numerical simulations of cold bulge forming of Al-Mg sheet are conducted using Abaqus finite element software. For this purpose, many numerical models were created and analyzed to investigate the effects of bulge forming speed on the blank thickness variation for different Aluminium alloys. In these simulations, four different speed of 1, 5, 15 and 25 mm/min are used as forming speeds. Numerical results of bulge forming of Al-Mg sheet were compared with experimental measurements and good correlation, less than 2. 6% difference at critical zone, was observed between the results. Moreover, obtained results from numerical simulations for different Aluminium alloys showed that the thickness variations of formed Al-Mg sheet are more uniform by reducing the forming speed. Note also that, the less strength of material, the more uniform thickness variation is achievable along longitudinal direction of metal sheet.

Background: Determination of the correct working length is one of the main factors that lead to success in root canal therapy. This laboratory study aimed to compare the accuracy of conventional (F, E-speed) radiography and Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) digital radiography in working length measurement.Materials and Methods: In this laboratory study, access cavities were prepared in 40 extracted maxillary central incisors with straight and single canals. Size 15 K-file was introduced into the each canal until it was appeared through the apical foramen. The file was then removed and measured by a digital caliper with precision of 0.01 mm. Actual working length was considered 1 mm less than the measurement showed by the caliper (Gold standard). At the next stage, each tooth together with its related K-file was positioned in a dried skull and then, periapical conventional and digital radiographies were taken with parallel technique. All the radiographs were measured by two radiologists. Statistical analysis was performed using repeated measures ANOVA and paired t-test.Results: No statistically significant difference was observed between conventional and digital radiographies regarding working length measurement (P>0.05). Conventional and digital radiographies demonstrated significantly higher scores of working length measurement compared to the Gold standard (P<0.001).Conclusion: Although CMOS had no significant superiority over conventional radiography, if both techniques are available, using CMOS is recommended due to significant reduction of radiation dose.